How to Make Water From Hydrogen and Oxygen

Water is the common name for dihydrogen monoxide or H2O. The molecule is produced from numerous chemical reactions, including the synthesis reaction from its elements, hydrogen, and oxygen. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is: 2 H2 O2 → 2 H2O How to Make Water In theory, its easy to make water from hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Mix the two gases together, add a spark or sufficient heat to provide the activation energy to start the reaction, and presto—instant water. Merely mixing the two gases at room temperature, however, wont do anything, like hydrogen and oxygen molecules in the air dont spontaneously form water. Energy must be supplied to break the covalent bonds that hold H2 and O2Â  molecules together. The hydrogen cations and oxygen anions are then free to react with each other, which they do because of their electronegativity differences. When the chemical bonds re-form to make water, additional energy is released, which propagates the reaction. The net reaction is highly exothermic, meaning a reaction that is accompanied by the release of heat. Two Demonstrations One common chemistry demonstration is to fill a small balloon with hydrogen and oxygen and to touch the balloon—from a distance and behind a safety shield—with a burning splint. A safer variation is to fill a balloon with hydrogen gas and to ignite the balloon in the air. The limited oxygen in the air reacts to form water but in a more controlled reaction. Yet another easy demonstration is to bubble hydrogen into soapy water to form hydrogen gas bubbles. The bubbles float because they are lighter than air. A long-handled lighter or burning splint at the end of a meter stick can be used to ignite them to form water. You can use hydrogen from a compressed gas tank or from any of several chemical reactions (e.g., reacting acid with metal). However you do the reaction, its best to wear ear protection and maintain a safe distance from the reaction. Start small, so that you know what to expect. Understanding the Reaction French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier named hydrogen, Greek for water-forming, based on its reaction with oxygen, another element Lavoisier named, meaning acid-producer. Lavoisier was fascinated by combustion reactions. He devised an apparatus to form water from hydrogen and oxygen to observe the reaction. Essentially, his setup employed two bell jars—one for hydrogen and one for oxygen—that fed into a separate container. A sparking mechanism initiated the reaction, forming water. You can construct an apparatus the same way as long as you are careful to control the flow rate of oxygen and hydrogen so that you dont try to form too much water at once. You also should use a heat- and shock-resistant container. Role of Oxygen While other scientists of the time were familiar with the process of forming water from hydrogen and oxygen, Lavoisier discovered the role of oxygen in combustion. His studies eventually disproved the phlogiston theory, which had proposed that a fire-like element called phlogiston was released from matter during combustion. Lavoisier showed that a gas must have mass for combustion to occur and that the mass was conserved following the reaction. Reacting hydrogen and oxygen to produce water was an excellent oxidation reaction to study because nearly all the mass of water comes from oxygen. Why We Cant Just Make Water? A 2006 report by the United Nations estimated that 20 percent of people on the planet dont have access to clean drinking water. If its so hard to purify water or desalinate sea water, you might be wondering why we dont just make water from its elements. The reason? In a word—BOOM! Reacting hydrogen and oxygen is basically burning hydrogen gas, except rather than using the limited amount of oxygen in the air, youre feeding the fire. During combustion, oxygen is added to a molecule, which produces water in this reaction. Combustion also releases a lot of energy. Heat and light are produced so quickly that a shock wave expands outward. Basically, you have an explosion. The more water you make at once, the bigger the explosion. It works for launching rockets, but youve seen videos where that went horribly wrong. The Hindenburg explosion is another example of what happens when a lot of hydrogen and oxygen get together. So, we can make water from hydrogen and oxygen, and chemists and educators often do—in small quantities. Its not practical to use the method on a large scale because of the risks and because its much more expensive to purify hydrogen and oxygen to feed the reaction than it is to make water using other methods, to purify contaminated water, or to condense water vapor from the air.

The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1382 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 2.3.4 Regulatory development in 2013(FSC annual report 2013) The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (‘FATCA’) FATCA is a US law aimed at financial intermediaries and Foreign Financial institutions to stop tax evasion by US citizens and the inhabitants throughout the use of offshore accounts. FATCA will have an effect on foreign companies as well as US-based companies with US assets or clients. Mauritius demonstrated its commitment to automatic exchange of information by signing an Intergovernmental Agreement and a Tax Information Exchange Agreement with the US. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)" essay for you Create order These agreements seek to promote transparency between the two nations regarding tax matters and form part of the global effort to reduce tax evasion. The evolving regulatory timelines are influencing financial institutions to prioritize market developments and rulemaking against the global regulatory change process and related jurisdictional challenges. 2.4 Legislative Framework Mauritius has earned a rapid reputation as an expected pioneer in the offshore financial centre. The island benefits from a refined telecommunications system, plenty of professional service providers, in addition to economic and political stability. Mauritius’s legal system is a mixture of English common law and French Civil law. However Mauritius has adhered to the new international requirements, aiming to track money laundering and combating terrorism financing and for that purpose the country has enacted appropriate legislation. Mauritius has become one of the most attractive and best regul ated financial centers in the world and generally, one of the best places to do business. Some legislation has been established to expand the offshore activities. In November 1992, the Financial Services Regulatory Authority was organized and played an essential role to establish and develop the offshore sector. The Authority has chosen to take up a proficient and business friendly regulatory approach to improve constantly on its services and indicating operators so as to increase the competitiveness of the Mauritian jurisdiction. 2.4.1 MOBAA The MOBAA came into force in 1992 and had for key objective to provide for the formation of the Mauritius Offshore Business Activities Authority, to set offshore business activities from within Mauritius and issuing of offshore certificates and providing for other subsidiary matters. However there have been various changes in the laws governing the non-banking financial services sector in Mauritius. New legislation was introduced on 1st December 2001 overhauling the Mauritius Companies Act 1984 and replacing the Mauritius Offshore Business Activities Authority (â€Å"MOBAA†) with a Financial Services Commission (â€Å"FSC†). 2.4.2 Financial Services Development Act (2001) The MOBAA was replaced by the FSDA in 2001. The FSDA replaced the Mauritius Offshore Business Activities Authority by the Financial Services Commission (FSC) which has more powers to act now. 2.4.3 Financial Services Act (2007) In 2007, the FSDA was replaced by the FSA 2007. This is the current legislation governing the non-banking financial services in Mauritius, together with the Insurance Act and the Securities Act. It clarifies the regulatory regime and builds up the legislative framework of the GBC. With the new law, the FSC adopt the regulatory responsibilities and they are as follows: Insurance previously executed by the Controller of Insurance. Capital Markets previously done by the Stock Exchange Commission Global Business also called as the offshore sector. In the last few years there have been a growth in the financial services sector and there was an increase in the contribution of the economic development so as to make the financial services sector the 4th pillar of the Mauritian economy. 2.4.5 Legal Provisions Trusts and Foundations The Mauritius International Financial Centre now put forward a new product to the existing limited partnership, limited life company, private and public company and trust. The new offering is the Foundation, a legal entity with hybrid benefits of a company with those of a trust. The Foundations Act 2012 is effective since 1 July 2012 and is a very modern legislation. It is mostly used in estate planning, wealth management and asset holding but is perfect as a special purpose vehicle to legally protect one’s assets against high taxes or forced heir ship rules and personal liability. This new legislation allows for the migration and incorporation of Foundations to and from Mauritius. Moreover the Foundation may be structured to be exempt from the tax of Mauritius. The most important uses of foundations and trusts are: estate planning and Succession safeguarding of wealth global tax planning The purposes of Charity Security of Asset Limited Partnership Finally the Limited Partnerships Act 2011(LLP) has been authorized in Mauritius. It is a very flexible vehicle and acts as the latest offering of Mauritius contributes to enhance its status as a Mauritian investment platform of substance. The LLP is a vehicle of choice for private equity/venture capital funds and other kind of funds principally due to the possibility managed by the LLP to put together the benefits of a company with those of the partnership for example, limited liability protection to investors and the option of election to have separate legal identity while keeping up the fiscal transparency feature of partnerships. An LLP whose partners gain only foreign source income and are not tax inhabitant in Mauritius will have no Mauritius tax liability, hence making the LLP a tax exempt vehicle. Main features of the Mauritius Limited Partnership (MLP) are as follows: It is a Great flexible vehicle in structuring the MLP through its Partnership Agreement The MLP vehicle can be registered with or without a legal personality with the Registrar of Limited Partnerships The MLP shall consist of at least one limited partner ,one general partner and a general partner may also be a limited partner at the same time and in the same Limited partnership Every limited partner or general partner of a limited partnership structure can hold a GBC 1 license The Mauritius Limited Partnership shall have a registered office in Mauritius It is not necessary to have a Mauritian as general partner, but a Limited partnership without a Mauritian general partner shall have a registered agent in Mauritius Moreover there are many other legal provisions governing the setting-up and operation of a global business company in Mauritius and they are: Companies Act 2001 – Company law which applies for all companies in Mauritius, including those operating with a global business license. The Companies Act 2001 provides a modern and efficient framework for companies to carry out their business activities at the onset of the new millennium and aims to facilitate enterprise, promote transparency and enhance competitiveness. The sections that concerns the Global Business are the Section 363 (4) (5)(6), Fourteenth Schedule – Provisions applicable to a company applying for or holding a Category 1/ Category 2 Global business license. The new Companies Act 2001 replaced most of the Companies Act of 1984, other than actions dealing with insolvency and public companies. The Financial Intelligence and Anti Money Laundering Act (FIAMLA) make provision for the establishment and manage ment of a Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) as the central agency responsible for requesting, receiving and analyzing and disseminating to the investigatory and supervisory authorities. The disclosure of financial information relating to the allege proceeds of crime and suspected money laundering offences. Both the FIAMLA and the FIU work in close collaboration. In fact they should ensure that money is being used correctly such that money laundering or terrorism finance can be prevented. To report any of the above issues the Suspicious Trading Report has to be filled and the form has to be in accordance by that set by the FIU. Any action that results to be a fraud, whereby money is being used in a wrong way shall be summoned under the FIAMLA act 2002 and will be held liable for the wrongdoings caused. Trust Act 2001 Framework regulating and allowing for the creation of different types of trusts, which may be set up by residents and non-residents. The Trust Act 2001 replaces t he Trusts Act 1989, the offshore Trust Act 1992 and the Trust Companies Act 1989 and incorporates some of the latest developments in the area of trusts at the international level. Moreover trusts are extremely useful as a legal vehicle in the investment industry. Securities Act 2005 Framework regulating the securities market so as to keep abreast of international best practice and standards. Other Legal Provisions are: The Insurance Act 2005, The Protected Cell Companies Act 1999, The Financial Intelligence and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2002, The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2002, The Prevention of Corruption Act 2002, Insolvency Act 2009, Non-Citizens (Property restriction) Act 1975 and The Limited Partnership Act 2011. In addition some amendments made to certain Acts is found in Appendix 1

The Standards Of Ethical Coding Essay - 821 Words

As mentioned in my discussion, Health Information Coding Supervisors are trusted individuals who have access to an organization’s highly confidential security system. A misrepresentation of this position can lead to significant consequences because of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (Prophet, 2015). Criminal penalties imposed on individuals who knowingly and willfully attempt to execute a scheme to defraud any health care benefit program can be up to 10 years imprisonment and possibly life imprisonment depending on the circumstances. Civil monetary penalties can lead to $2000 to $10,000 for each fraudulent payment received. After imagining I was a coding supervisor, I will provide answers throughout the paper to the following questions: 1. What emphasis would you place on the Standards of Ethical Coding in your area? 2. Would you include the Standards of Ethical Coding in your policy and procedure manual? 3. Would you review the Standards of Ethical Coding on a regular basis and if yes, how often? 4. What disciplinary action would you take if you found that a coder violated the Standards of Ethical Coding? 5. Would the severity of the disciplinary action depend on which standard was violated? Why or why not? 6. How do imperfections in coding affect the budget preparation of health care organizations? 7. How might it also affect the contracts between professional billers and coders and health care organizations? HEALTHShow MoreRelatedThe Standards Of Ethical Coding1232 Words   |  5 PagesCoding is the medical field is regarded as being an important role in providing proper billing for healthcare services. Therefore, the level of responsibility for ethical coding practices is essential in maintaining the integrity of the healthcare organization that they work in. 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According toRead MoreApplication Of A Computer Programmer907 Words   |  4 Pa gesexample a java program it needs coding and debugging a computer programmer know the coding for given program when the programmer also known as a patch, and find this problem solve the errors. Software developer’s programmers often work side by side, the language of computer programmers and software systems will be able to understand the translation. More and more programmers in dealing with mobile applications and other Internet-based software applications duties. Ethical and Unethical behavior: Connection

Suicidal Ideation is the Preoccupation with Suicidal Thoughts

Suicidal ideation is a medical term for thoughts about or an unusual preoccupation with suicide. The range of suicidal ideation varies greatly from fleeting to detailed planning, role playing, and unsuccessful attempts, which may be deliberately constructed to fail or be discovered, or may be fully intended to result in death. Although most people who undergo suicidal ideation do not go on to make suicide attempts, a significant proportion do.[1] Suicidal ideation is generally associated with depression; however, it seems to have associations with many other psychiatric disorders, life events, and family events, all of which may increase the risk of suicidal ideation. Recurrent suicidal behavior and suicidal ideation is a hallmark of†¦show more content†¦Moreover, these drugs intended effects can themselves have the unintended or undesired consequence of an increased individual risk and collective rate of suicidal behavior: Among the set of persons taking the medication, a s ubset feel bad enough to want to commit suicide (or to desire the perceived results of suicide) but are inhibited by depression-induced symptoms, such as lack of energy and motivation, from following through with an attempt. Among this subset, a sub-subset may find that the medication alleviates their physiological symptoms (such as lack of energy) and secondary psychological symptoms (e.g., lack of motivation) before or at lower doses than it alleviates their primary psychological symptom of depressed mood. Among this group of persons, the desire for suicide and/or its effects persists even as major obstacles to suicidal action are removed, with the effect that the incidences of suicide attempt and of completed suicide increase.[citation needed] Life events Life events are strong predictors of increased risk for suicidal ideation. Furthermore, life events can also lead to or be comorbid with the previous listed psychiatric disorders and predict suicidal ideation through those means. Life events that adults and children face can be dissimilar and for this reason, the list of events that increaseShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Suicide And Attending A University Or College1832 Words   |  8 Pagesstudents have seriously considered attempting suicide in their lifetime, and 40% to 50% of these students reported multiple episodes of suicidal thoughts.† (Ploskonka Servaty-Seib, 2014, p. 81). Finishing high school and starting college can be a demanding and challenging transition to make. 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A Pyrometer Is A Non Contacting Device Free Essays

A pyrometer is a non-contacting device that intercepts and steps thermal of a radiation, a procedure known as pyrometer. Its a device that can be used to find the temperature of an objects surface. It has an optical system and a sensor. We will write a custom essay sample on A Pyrometer Is A Non Contacting Device or any similar topic only for you Order Now The optical system can concentrate thermic radiation onto the sensor. The end product signal of the sensor is related to the thermic radiation or irradiance j* of the mark object through the Stefan-Boltzmann getaway, the invariable of proportionality ? , called the Stefan-Boltzmann invariable and the emissivity ? of the object j^ { star } = varepsilonsigma T^ { 4 } This end product of the pyrometer is to used to deduce object ‘s temperature. There is no demand for direct contact the between pyrometer and the object, as there is with thermocouples and opposition sensors ( RTDs ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.instrumentationtoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Radiation-Pyrometer.jpg Radiation pyrometer The radiation pyrometer is the organic structure or the fluid is emitted of the temperature is to be measured and besides to focused on a thermic receiving surface, it is normally in the froth of a really thin strip of blackened Pt besides the alterations in temperature of this surface is measured. Therefore in a radiation thermopile a big figure of thermocouple in the signifier of strip are connected in the series and besides arranger side by side so that all the non junction which are blackened to increase the energy, when it absorbing ability the pyrometer besides fall within a really little mark country. The thermoelectric features of the thermopile are really stable because the thermocouple are seldom connected straight to the furnace and besides non present at a temperature of more than a few hundred grades. The thermopile has more advantage over other sensors, and besides give the same response to incoming radiation in the scope of 0.3-20Â µm irrespective of wavelength within the scope. The standardization of a entire radiation pyrometer is done with black organic structure radiation. For illustration the end product temperature T4 since the pyrometer is use to mensurate the temperature of a fluid or a hot organic structure, the emanation is non right known, so the temperature that measured will non be corrected and some grade of mistake will be present. The mistake are calculated and some grade of mistake will be present. The mistake are calculated as the end product thermometer temperature is straight relative to T4. E = K?„T4 The ‘K ‘ is a changeless by distinguishing we will acquire: DT/T = d?„/4?„ 10 % of the mistake in the value of emanation will ensue in 2.5 % mistake in the temperature of the radiant object that is measured Pyrometric cone hypertext transfer protocol: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/Figure_6.gif It ‘s the device that seldom used to estimate heat work during the fire of ceramic stuffs. The cones, frequently used in sets three as shown in the illustration, are positioned in a kiln with the wares to be fired and supply a ocular indicant of when the wares have reached a needed province of adulthood, a combination of clip and temperature. Therefore, pyrometric cones give a temperature equivalent and besides are non simple temperature-measuring devices. Resistance thermometer File: Rtdconstruction.gif Resistance thermometer besides called opposition temperature sensor ( RTDs ) are detectors used to measured temperature by collating the opposition of the RTD component with temperature. Most RTD element consist of a length of mulct coiled wire wrapped around made from a pure stuff, Pt, Ni or Cu. The stuff has a predictable alteration in opposition as the temperature alterations. Thermometer File: Thermometer CF.svg The thermometer is chiefly used to mensurate the temperature of the organic structure. The other utilizations are a pendulum can be constructed from a thermometer attached to a light twine by which approximative gravitative acceleration could be calculated and by mensurating clip needed for a thermometer released from the top of a edifice to hit the land, in this manner, approximative tallness of that edifice could be obtained. Apart from it max thermometer and min thermometer are used to mensurate air temperature Question 3 hypertext transfer protocol: //i.cmpnet.com/planetanalog/2010/08/C0614-Figure3.gif Electrocardiogram ( ECG ) There are several preciseness amplifier and instrumentality amplifier chances in ECG application. The diagnosing is in a ( clinical ) Electrocardiogram with up to 12 leads. Key block lead devices are the electrode addition amplifier, high-pass filter ( normally 0.5 Hz ) , low-pass filter ( around 150 Hz ) and right-led thrust circuit. Each electrode required a preciseness instrumentality A to pull out a really little signal that rides on a 300 millivolt to 700 millivolts common-mode electromotive force. Typically, this amplifier will utilize a higher supply electromotive force to enable a high addition without inveighing the amplifier in the presence of the common-mode electromotive force from the organic structure. This A can be a distinct instrumentality amplifier or an incorporate instrumentality amplifier. Second and 3rd phase active-filter amplifiers are needed to put a really specific set ( 0.5 Hz – 150 Hz ) to capture the EKG wave signal. Basically these will be low noise, 5V amplifier with good appropriate bandwidth. In add-on, low-noise, low-power amplifier are needed for the right-leg-drive feedback map. In multi-channel from system, it normally is a 12-lead ECG proctor will be utilizing for a common users, it is to multiplex signal into a common ADC system. The cardinal typical demands for the multiplexer ( mux ) are low on-resistance and low charge injection on the system. By and large a specific mux is selected to fit the electromotive force demands of the filter amplifier and the ADC. It is besides common for multichannel ECGs to hold automated lead sensing to enable multi-configuration operations. Generally, a low on-resistance switch is used in this circuit every bit good Multiplexers like the ISL43681 and ISL43640 series are first-class picks for medical devices as they can run a scope from 2V to 12V. In add-on, they have low-on opposition of 39 to 60 ? , which lower deformation and reduces ‘kick-back ‘ electromotive force from the system. Their low charge injection of 0.3 personal computer ( picocoulombs ) reduces error part on charge-redistribution on a ACDs system. For 3-lead portable ECG application, low-power instrumentality As from a CMOS procedure may be a better choice on the multiplexers. Since CMOS inputs of course provide a high-impedance input, the demand for external is eliminated, salvaging cost. A good pick for the input amplifier can present active feedback with a really precise base line compensation electromotive force, low 1/f noise, highly low beginning, and low impetus versus temperature. What ( electrically ) is being measured? It is electrical activity of the bosom musculus as it changes with clip, normally printed on paper for easier analysis. Like other musculuss, cardiac musculus contracts in response to electrical depolarization of the musculus cells. It is the amount of this electrical activity, when amplified and recorded for merely a few seconds that we know as an ECG. How is the electrical signal gaining control? A signal-averaged EKG is a more elaborate type of ECG. During this process, multiple ECG tracings are obtained over a period of about 20 proceedingss measuring several hundred cardiac rhythms to observe elusive abnormalcies that increase hazard for cardiac arrhythmias. These elusive abnormalcies are normally non detected on a field ECG. A computing machine captures all the electrically signal from the bosom and averages them to supply the physician item sing how the bosom ‘s electrical conductivity system is working and shown on the ECG system. It show a radio detection and ranging on the system, it ‘s a heart-beat frequence rate. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maximintegrated.com/images/appnotes/4693/4693Fig02.gif Complete circuit of a functional block diagram ( ECG ) QUESTION5 Voltage to frequency From the BASIC of electromotive force to frequency the LM231/LM331 convertors ideally suited for in simple low cost circuit from parallel to digital transition, the preciseness frequence to voltage transition, long-run integrating, additive frequence transition or demodulation, and many other map. The end product when used a electromotive force to frequency convertor is a pulse train at a frequence exactly relative to the applied input electromotive force. The transition of electromotive force to frequency it provides all the built-in advantages of the electromotive force to frequency convertor techniques, and easy to use in all standard electromotive force to frequency converter application. Further, the LM231A/LM331A series attained a new high degree of truth versus temperature which could be attained with expensive electromotive force to frequence faculties. The LM231/331 are ideally suited for usage in digital system at low power supply electromotive forces and can supply low-pri ced parallel to digital transition convertor can be easy channeled through a simple exposure isolator to supply isolation against common degrees The LM231/LM331 use a new temperature-compensated band-gap mention circuit, to supply first-class truth over the full operating temperature scope, at power supplies every bit low as 4.0V. the preciseness timer circuit has low prejudice currents without degrading the speedy response necessary for 100kHz voltage-to-frequency transition. And the end product are driving 3 TTL tonss, or a high electromotive force end product to 40V, yet is short-circuit against Vcc. Frequency to voltage The LM 2907/LM 2917 series are frequency to voltage convertor with a high addition op A or comparator designed to run a relay, lamp, or other burden when the input of frequence reached are exceeds a selected rate. Most of the tachometer uses a charge pump technique and offer frequence duplicating for low rippling and full input protection in two versions ( LM2907-8, LM2917-8 ) or end product swing to land for a nothing frequence input. The op A or comparator is to the full compatible and the tachometer has a drifting transistor as its end product from the frequence. This characteristic allows either a land or supply referred load up to 50mA. The aggregator may be taken supra Vcc up to a maximal VCE of 28V. The indistinguishable basic constellations include an 8-pin device with a below referenced tachometer input and its internal connexion between the tachometer end product and the op amp non-inverting input. This version is good suited for individual velocity, either dual velocity or frequence shift or to the full buffered frequence to voltage transition application. The more frequence is configure and supply a differential tachometer input and uncommitted op A inputs. With this version the tachometer input may be floated and the op amp become suited for active filter conditioning of the tachometer end product. Question 6 Differential force per unit area flow measuring is dependable with the assistance of microprocessor engineering discharge coefficient can be stored on the instrument and measurement temperature absolute force per unit area allows to rectify unstable parametric quantity such as denseness and speed to obtain the mass flow rate. This are called multivariable mass flow metres. The beginning of differential force per unit area flow measuring is the Bernoulli equation represent energy preservation for a fluid component Orifice home base Orifice home bases are most normally used for uninterrupted measuring of fluid in pipes. They are besides used in some little river system to mensurate flow rate at locations where the river passes through a culvert or drain. Merely a little figure of rivers are appropriate for the usage of the engineering since the home base must stay wholly immersed i.e. the attack pipe must be full, and the river must be well free of dust. In the natural environment, big opening home bases are used to command forth flow in flood alleviation dikes. In these construction a low dike is placed across a river and in normal operation the H2O flows through the opening home base unimpeded as the opening is well big than the normal flow cross subdivision. However in inundation, the flow rate rises and inundations out the opening home base which can so merely base on balls flow determined the physical dimension of the opening. Flow so held back behind the low dike in a impermanent reservoir which is easy discharged through the opening when the inundation subsides Venture The Bernoulli rule and its corollary, the venture consequence, are indispensable to aerodynamic every bit good as hydrodynamic design construct. Airflow and hydrofoil designs to raise and maneuver air and H2O vass ( aeroplanes, ships and pigboats ) are derived from application of the Bernoulli rule and the venture consequence, as are the instruments that measure rate of motion through the air or H2O ( velocity index ) . Stability indicant and control mechanisms such as gyroscopic attitude indexs and fuel metering devices, such as carburettors, map as a consequence of gas fluid force per unit area derived functions that create suction as demonstrated and mensurable by gas/fluid force per unit area and speed equation from the Bernoulli rule and the venture consequence. Nozzle A nozzle us a device to command the way or features of a fluid flow ( particularly to increase speed ) as it exist ( or enters ) an enclosed chamber or pipe via an opening. A nose is frequently a pipe tubing of changing transverse sectional country, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid ( liquid or gas ) . Nozzles are often used to command the rate flow, velocity, way, mass, form, or the force per unit area of the watercourse that emerges from them Pilot tubing The basic pilot tubing consists of a tubing indicating straight into the fluid. As this tubing contain fluid, a force per unit area can be measured, the traveling fluid is brought to rest ( stagnates ) as there is no mercantile establishment to let flow to go on. This force per unit area is the stagnancy force per unit area of the fluid, besides known as the entire force per unit area or ( peculiarly in air power ) the pilot force per unit area How to cite A Pyrometer Is A Non Contacting Device, Essay examples

Acupuncture free essay sample

Acupuncture Miranda Trick Itasca Community College Abstract: The topic for this paper is acupuncture and its use for post operative pain management. The different types, ways used, benefits, and risks will all be discussed. Acupuncture has been around since basically the beginning of time, but was first documented In first few hundred years, and was primarily used in China (Lens, 2012). According to Lens (2012), Acupuncture can be used for pain and control of other symptoms In palliative care, such as nausea and vomiting (p. 16). Acupuncture to read pain can be beneficial to patients who dont respond well to narcotic analgesia agents. Keywords: Acupuncture, pain management something different for someone else. Acupuncture has been used for centuries to help relieve general pain, but also post operative pain (Lens, 2012). Acupuncture is a collection of procedures which involves the stimulation of points on the body using a variety of techniques, such as penetrating the skin with needles, and is one of the oldest healing practices in the world (Mayo Clinic, 2012). According to the Mayo Clinic 2012), stimulating specific acupuncture points corrects imbalances in the flow of IQ (chi) through channels known as meridians. This is what the basis of acupuncture is. The theory of acupuncture is based on the premise that bodily functions are regulated by an energy called IQ which flows through the body; disruptions of this flow are believed to be responsible for disease (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Plainly acupuncture is usually small very thin metal needles placed on or under the skin, which then are manipulated manually or by electrical stimulation. By inserting addles into specific points along these meridians, acupuncture practitioners believe that your energy flow will re-balance, many Western practitioners view the acupuncture points as places to stimulate nerves, muscles and connective tissue, this stimulation appears to boost the activity of your bodys natural painkillers and increase blood flow (Mayo Clinic, 2012). No one person knows quite how acupuncture works, but many believe that its not only one factor, but that many reactions going on at once involving different systems; including the central nervous system, that allows acupuncture to have such wide, strong and lasting effects (Lens, 2012). There are a few reasons why patients and or practitioners may seek out acupuncture as treatment. Acupuncture is seen as less invasive as other treatments therefore it is sometimes used as an adjunct for pain management. It is also viewed as a last resort treatment modality. It is said and proved through research and trials to be effective for postoperative pain (Osprey, 2012). After your practitioner determines which type of acupuncture is right for that certain individual, they will go o their practitioner and they will find the different acupuncture points in the body, which may be far removed from the location of the pain (Osprey, 2012). After finding these points the needles will be inserted, and they are thin, so it usually doesnt cause much discomfort. After this your practitioner may gently move or twirl the needles to get them to the desired location (Mayo Clinic, 2012). According to the Mayo Clinic (2012), Treatment usually lasts 10-20 minutes while you lie still and relax; there is usually no sensation or discomfort when the needles are removed. The benefits f acupuncture can be slightly hard to measure, but patient feedback is important. Female suffered from a ruptured left patellar tendon, which was reattached surgically (Cooper, 2011). A month after surgery her ROOM was slow, and suffered from stiffness and pain. Treatment was given using acupuncture, electro acupuncture, and infra- red heat emitting. Treatment consisted of local and distal needling, with stimulation of the local points (Cooper, 2011). With this patient pain was reported on 9/10 pain scale and reported as severe. According to Cooper (201 1), the pain, stiffness, and lack f sensation could be caused by Bi syndrome, IQ and blood stagnation in the channels; these could be as a result from adhesions formed during surgery, or the manipulation of the leg after surgery. Over the course of five treatments, the patient experienced continuous improvement of range of motion and decrease of pain. Most of the improvement was seen during the first four treatments that occurred over a two week period (Cooper, 2011). This specific patient dealt with recovery and postindustrial pain for over a month before commencing treatment, and tit treatment she had near complete recovery in two weeks, and complete recovery in range of motion and pain in one month. According to Cooper (201 1), This would seem to indicate that there is a good potential for treating certain types of postindustrial pain with acupuncture and/or ultracentrifuge. The patients rapid improvement may be due to the direct needling in the sore occupants which could have led to a breaking up of adhesions, therefore, loosening the muscles creating better flexing (Cooper, 2011). Another study conducted talked about acupuncture used in hospices for palliative care. The study went over whether or not it would be beneficial and if people were receptive to treatment (Lens, 2012). According to Lens (2012), the common reason for acupuncture not being available was lack of a suitable practitioner. Most respondents said they think they could benefit from acupuncture used in pain and palliative care. There are risks associated with everything and acupuncture is no different. Some of the potential risks are soreness, organ injury, or infection, and according to the Mayo Clinic (2012), Not everyone is a good candidate for acupuncture, and notations that may increase risk of complication are bleeding disorders, having a pacemaker, or being pregnant. These side effects or risks are pretty slim as acupuncture has low risk of side effects. As with risks there are also benefits and acupuncture may be effective as a treatment for post-surgical pain (Cooper, 2011). In conclusion, acupuncture isnt for everyone. You can go to your doctor and receive more information or a referral to a professional in that field. It can be used as a last chance for relieving pain, but is also beneficial to patients who dont respond well to narcotics. Acupuncture has few side effects, so it is definitely worth trying as an option to cure postoperative pain.

Challenges New LRT System Are Investigated â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Challenges New LRT System Are Investigated? Answer: Introduction Commonly, Light rail transit (LRT) is a beneficial, well accepted electric urban rail service. The design and operational elements in a typical LRT include traffic signal priority, off-board fare payment and level boarding. This system should be designed to operate at agreed high speeds to serve for high volume corridors than a local bus or any other streetcar service. Establishing and updating the service standards, evaluating the transit line performance, accessing the capacities of new signalling and control technologies are the usual ongoing activities in any rail transit systems. In any new project design, the conceptual design phase ensures that the project is innovative, marketable and will be within the acceptable budgets and cost. The conceptual design phase gives enough ideas to the project investors and other stackholders in deciding whether to go ahead with the project or not. Urban Corridor zone of Australia is the selected place for the new LRT system. The conceptual design phase of a LRT system will be analysed. Challenges in the new LRT system will be investigated in this report. Types of trackway system will be studied. The platform and station design and clearances will be reviewed. LRT system requires a stable traction electric power infrastructure. Investigation on the traction electric power infrastructure design will be conducted. Signalisation and communication infrastructure designs characteristics will be studied. The rolling stock fleet and facilities Requirements will be analysed. Finally, the suitable recommendations will be suggested. Needs of LRT Service Urban Corridor zone of Australia is the selected location for the new LRT system. Generally, the Light rail transit service is used for various reasons. This service provides the significant services like fastest land based transport facility. It operates from early morning to late night. The transport service is often available and it is direct too. The light rail transit system is more convenient than regular bus service. The light rail systems have a long history in many older cities. And after that, it becomes more popular now. Before the LRT services, the transportation research board was in to two types. One is first generation systems, which are based on the operation from earlier trolley and tramway lines and another one is a second generation systems. These systems are designed afresh. The characteristics of LRT services include direct service along major corridors; it is a long span service when compared to older services. LRT service runs eighteen hours a day or more. It p rovides the fastest service, frequent service, typically for every five or ten minutes or better than that. The differences between LRT services and street car services are as follows. LRT stations are spaced farther apart than streetcar stations. The Light rail service operates with two or more car trains. But the streetcar service operates with a single car trains. LRT services provides longer distance services. But, the streetcar services offer shorter length services. These are typically in the range of 2 to 3 miles. LRT is in the range of up to 15 miles. LRT is designed to provide a higher volume of passengers, the stations are larger and usually more elaborate when compared to streetcar service stations. The main ideas of the needs for LRT services relies on the lower per capita operating cost, higher ridership, and other related developments. LRT provides more service qualities like it is faster, more convenient, more attractive than street bus services (HASSELL Studio, 2017) . It is also more comfortable. Challenges of a new LRT Project The challenges of LRT are related to implementation cost, required density, and availability (Goldcoast.qld.gov.au, 2017). The implementation cost of this system can cost upwards of hundred million per mile. In the case of riders density, most cities have a density of thirty residents per area. LRT becomes a cost-effective one when ridership numbers are high. Designing a new LRT system got a lot of challenges, and a suitable conceptual system design gives effective solutions for the challenges. Conceptual system design In conceptual system design, a common framework is designed for implementing user's requirements and problem solving in the analysis phase (Myrup Andreasen, 2016). As said before in any new project design, the conceptual design phase ensures that the project is innovative, marketable and will be within the acceptable budgets and cost. The conceptual design phase gives enough ideas to the project investors and other stackholders in deciding whether to go ahead with the project or not. General steps in conceptual system design Finding the alternatives of the design Design specification preparation Report for conceptual system design Fare collection system is one method used in LRT systems, which can significantly impact some aspects of the infrastructure like, stations and communications. Also, the vehicle equipment like fare box or onboard ticketing devices. Track way infrastructure There are different types of track way set-ups available Types of Trackway System Light rail transit (LRT) can operate within the urban street system. And it is a quite flexible rail transit mode. The routes of trackway systems depend on railroad alignment and subway alignment. In most of the cases, the LRT is typically based on surface running state. Trackway alignment with double-track is preferred for the LRT services (National Association of City Transportation Officials, 2017). There are several common alternatives are used. Single tracks for each direction on parallel streets Bidirectional single track and interlaced track. Examples of single track include full performance LRT in Portland, San Diego to Phoenix. In the bi-directional single track LRT, traffic for each direction is interconnected in a double track alignment, with a single track alignment. These single track section has controlled by a single system. In the case of bi-directional track, one train must wait until a train occupying the section clears it. In LRT the headways are not extremely short, and the area can be cleared instantly. In the case of interlaced track, the configuration similarly works like a single track section (Workshop, 2016). In this track, no switches can be used and then the rails are laid side-by-side (interlaced), and also the rails are crossed. Fare collection options LRT system can have four types of fare collection options Fare collection by the operator (Onboard): Passenger may use fare box to pay by cash or pass card Ticket vending machines and proof of purchase (station-based): Proof of Purchase system involves passengers purchasing tickets from station based ticket vending machines. The use of station-based ticket vending machines, improves the efficiency and convenience the passenger. It imposes extra expense and ongoing security consideration. Ticket vending machines and proof of purchase (Onboard): Proof of Purchase system for lighter-traffic services, such as streetcar lines. Passengers buy tickets onboard from the ticket vending machine, not in stations. Turnstile access (station-based): To purchase tickets, the passenger uses ticket vending machine and then inserts the ticket in automatic turnstiles, to access platforms. Platform/ Station Design and Clearances The track way itself, the most visible features of an LRT system is the station. Modern LRT systems have platforms for fast, easy and safe passenger boarding. To satisfy Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (and Canadian equivalent), level boarding in platforms must extend approximately 15 inches above the top of the rail, 8-11 inches are used when bridge plates. Traction Electric Power Infrastructure Stable electric power is the main advantage of LRT operation. For providing power to LRT cars and trains, Traction Electrification System (TES) and an Overhead Contact System (OCS) are essential. Substations: Initially the electric power needs to be delivered to the OCS using power substations. Small facilities that take the high voltage AC power from the public utility grid and convert it into the nominal 750 volts direct current (VDC) and used it for LRT train propulsion. Electric power is supplied to the LRT, via a trolled wire above the track, which has a device at the top of the railcar, and it contacts the trolley wire. A catenary is a specific type in OCS, and it is suspended by hangers from horizontal arms attached to the TES poles. A straight connection wire under the catenary works particularly better for higher speed operation. Communications signalisation is used commonly. Besides that, many other functions rely on to compete for tent, secure communication system. This system may be wireless, wired or a combination of both. Signalisation and Communication Infrastructure Signal and communication systems are very much essential for efficient and safe train operations. Some simple understanding of these systems functioning in a railway setting would be highly useful in conceptual LRT planning.A vital element of the signalisation is Train to Way-sider Communication (TWC), a variety of means by which trains communicate with the fixed system. Some important communication function include the following: Radio communications- facilitating communication among operator, enteral control, supervisors, maintenance workers and security personnel Public address system- helping passengers informed of special situations. Variable message board (VMB) communications- PID - Passenger Information System CCTV which means closed circuit television system observing station platform and other public areas. Automated fare collection- Handling the necessary dataflow of fare transactions. Automatic vehicle location (AVL) - GPS based system that tracks locations. This interfaces with both the central operations/ dispatching centre and the VMB system to inform passengers of train schedule, Variable message board (VMB) communications- PID - Passenger Information System CCTV, which means closed circuit television system observing station platform and other public Ares. Rolling Stock Fleet and Facilities Requirements Selection of their type and configuration of an LRT is important in conceptual planning, with some assumptions (Su and Zhu, n.d.). Rolling stock assumption: The recommendation states that, the proposed plan assumes rolling stock confirmations, which confirms to the widespread the down floor standards. A floor height approximately 14 inches above the top. Modern LRT car wheels rolling stock have articulated car bodies (Railway Technology, 2017) (Bic.asn.au, 2017). Type cars also typically double-ended, with articulated but shorter car bodies, ranging from 66Ft. Long steer cars are available as much as 98 ft, and even longer. Heritage Type steer cars are the popular choice for new systems in some communities. Estimating Rollin Stock Fleets size: Estimating Rollin stock fleets size involves the assumption of passenger capacity per car and average speed. The following assumptions are performed for finding the passenger capacity Full=performance LRT car, 90-96 ft. Streetcar, 66 ft. Average schedule speed depends on numerous variables, particularly the number of station-stops and their spacing. The following assumptions are performed for the different configurations Full-performance LRT, mostly urban - 15 mph (24 mph) Full-performance LRT, largely exclusive railway alignment - 20 mph (32 mph) Streetcar, predominantly urban arterial alignment-12mph (19kmph) Streetcar, downtown urban arterial circulator-12mph (19kmph) Recommendations Below this light rail transit (LRT) services the overall goal of transportation system should be developed for efficient, safe and affordable for all peoples. In the case of multimodal transportation systems that serve for many neighbourhood communities. The following objectives must be considered, to achieve the required process: 1) Particularly at hub stations, pedestrian activities along routes require promotion. 2) This process reduces the physical environmental impacts. 3) More route segments are required. Urban Corridor zone of Australia is the selected zone for the new LRT system. The LRT system should be designed in such a way that, it will give door step access to most of the important areas in the way. The important places can be convention centres, exhibition centres, museums, casino centres and so on. The number of stopping points should be well planned and decided. Installation of CCTV surveillance cameras in all the stopping points is required. For good cost savings, LRT systems should be manufactured within the country. For active use of LRT systems in the selected region, 2-4 trams should be paired up together, and the maximum passenger capacity should be around 700 (Saulwick, 2017). The wheels of the bogies should be axles free. Gearless hub motors also should be used. The LRT system should not over swing on curves (Straszak and Tuch, 2014). The power supply should be 750v overhead supply. The trams should be bi-directional in most of the places. Seating should be changed to accommodate more passengers. Each bogie should have 4 doors each side. Obstacle detection systems should be installed at correct places. On street, signalling need not be there. Ground signals should be there at important places. The allowed speed of the LRT system should be shown in correct signals. Conclusion Urban Corridor zone of Australia is the selected zone for the new LRT system. The conceptual design phase of an LRT system is analyzed. The challenges in any new LRT system is investigated. Types of trackway system are investigated. The platform and station design and clearances are studied. LRT system requires a stable traction electric power infrastructure. The investigation of traction electric power infrastructure design features is completed. The signalisation and communication infrastructure design aspects are studied. The rolling stock fleet and facilities Requirements are analysed. Therefore, the suitable recommendations are suggested. References Bic.asn.au. (2017).The Facts about Bus Rapid Transit. [online] Available at: https://bic.asn.au/information-for-moving-people/bus-rapid-transit [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Bic.asn.au. (2017).The Facts about Bus Rapid Transit. [online] Available at: https://bic.asn.au/information-for-moving-people/bus-rapid-transit [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Goldcoast.qld.gov.au. (2017).City of Gold Coast | Gold Coast Rapid Transit Corridor Study. [online] Available at: https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/rapid-transit-gcrt-corridor-study-6008.html [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Hassell Studio. (2017).Hassell | Project - Gold Coast Rapid Transit Corridor Study Phase 2. [online] Available at: https://www.hassellstudio.com/en/cms-projects/detail/gold-coast-rapid-transit-corridor-study-phase-2 [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Myrup Andreasen, M. (2016). Conceptual Design. Springer International Pu. National Association of City Transportation Officials. (2017).Transit Corridor - National Association of City Transportation Officials. [online] Available at: https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/streets/transit-corridor/ [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Railway Technology. (2017).Sydney Metro Light Rail. [online] Available at: https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/sydney/ [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Saulwick, J. (2017).Green Square 'a ticking time bomb in the inner city'. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/transport-demands-growing-at-green-square-the-densest-site-in-australia-20150109-12l0se.html [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Straszak, A. and Tuch, R. (2014).The Shinkansen High-Speed Rail Network of Japan. Elsevier Science. Su, D. and Zhu, S. (n.d.).Advanced design and manufacture V. Workshop, D. (2016).Landscape Architecture Documentation Standards. Somerset: Wiley.